Lessons 5, 7, 10: The aspect particle 过, comparing 过 with 了, and 一……也……

Explanation

Structure

1. 1
   动词+过 · 没(有)+动词+过 · 动词+过+宾语+没有？

   Affirmative, negative, and affirmative-negative question forms of 过.

   • 我以前来过中国。

     Wǒ yǐqián láiguo Zhōngguó.

     I have been to China before.

   • 来中国以后，我去过北京、上海和西安。

     Lái Zhōngguó yǐhòu, wǒ qùguo Běijīng, Shànghǎi hé Xī’ān.

     Since coming to China, I have been to Beijing, Shanghai, and Xi'an.

   • 我听过中国音乐。

     Wǒ tīngguo Zhōngguó yīnyuè.

     I have listened to Chinese music before.

   • 我没打过针。

     Wǒ méi dǎguo zhēn.

     I have never had an injection.

   • 我没吃过北京烤鸭。

     Wǒ méi chīguo Běijīng kǎoyā.

     I have never eaten Peking duck.

   • 你以前来过北京没有？

     Nǐ yǐqián láiguo Běijīng méiyǒu?

     Have you ever been to Beijing before?

   • 你去过香港没有？

     Nǐ qùguo Xiānggǎng méiyǒu?

     Have you ever been to Hong Kong?

2. 2

   过 và 了: phủ định và ý nghĩa khác nhau

   没(有) + V + 过 ≠ 没(有) + V (without 了).

   • 这个电影我没看过，不知道好不好。

     Zhège diànyǐng wǒ méi kànguo, bù zhīdào hǎo bu hǎo.

     I have never seen this movie, so I don't know whether it's good.

   • 昨天晚上的电影我没看，不知道好不好。

     Zuótiān wǎnshang de diànyǐng wǒ méi kàn, bù zhīdào hǎo bu hǎo.

     I didn't watch the movie last night, so I don't know whether it's good.

   • 我学了一年汉语了。（还在学）

     Wǒ xué le yì nián Hànyǔ le. (Hái zài xué)

     I have been studying Chinese for a year. (still studying)

   • 我学过一年汉语。（不学了）

     Wǒ xuéguo yì nián Hànyǔ. (Bù xué le)

     I once studied Chinese for a year. (no longer studying)

   • 他去年跟爸爸去了中国。（现在还在中国）

     Tā qùnián gēn bàba qùle Zhōngguó. (Xiànzài hái zài Zhōngguó)

     Last year he went to China with his father. (he is still there now)

   • 他去年跟爸爸去过中国。（现在已不在中国）

     Tā qùnián gēn bàba qùguo Zhōngguó. (Xiànzài yǐ bú zài Zhōngguó)

     Last year he went to China with his father. (he is no longer there now)

3. 3
   一+量词+名词optional+也+没/不+动词

   Emphasizes complete negation.

   • 你爸爸来过中国吗？他一次也没来过。

     Nǐ bàba láiguo Zhōngguó ma? Tā yí cì yě méi láiguo.

     Has your father ever been to China? He has never been even once.

   • 他喝的中药一点儿也不苦，甜甜的。

     Tā hē de zhōngyào yìdiǎnr yě bù kǔ, tiántián de.

     The traditional Chinese medicine he drinks isn't bitter at all; it's sweet.

   • 这个星期他一天课也没上。

     Zhège xīngqī tā yì tiān kè yě méi shàng.

     He hasn't attended class a single day this week.

   • 我一本中文书也没看过。

     Wǒ yì běn Zhōngwén shū yě méi kànguo.

     I haven't read a single Chinese book.